multiple ionization การใช้

• Each beta can thus cause multiple ionizations, as well as being a free electron on its own.
• She attempted to continue the study of multiple ionization, but this was impossible without the sophisticated equipment she had access to while in England.
• Typically the pulse amplitude and the high voltage on the specimen are computer controlled to encourage only one atom to ionize at a time, but multiple ionizations are possible.
• For multiply charged ions, the ECR ion source has the advantages that it is able to confine the ions for long enough for multiple collisions ( and multiple ionization ) to take place, and the low gas pressure in the source avoids recombination.
• The shake-off ( SO ) model, first proposed by Fittinghoff et al ., is adopted from the field of ionization of atoms by X rays and electron projectiles where the SO process is one of the major mechanisms responsible for the multiple ionization of atoms.